Finland

Finland Helsinki is the capital in addition to largest city, forming the larger metropolitan area with the neighbouring cities of Espoo, Kauniainen, & Vantaa. The vast majority of the population are ethnic Finns; Finnish, alongside Swedish, are the official languages. Finland's climate varies from humid continental in the south to the boreal in the north. The land fall out is primarily a boreal forest biome, with more than 180,000 recorded lakes.

Finland was number one inhabited around 9000 BC after the universal suffrage, and the first in the world to afford all person citizens the adjusting to run for public office. Nicholas II, the last Tsar of Russia, tried to russify Finland and terminate its political autonomy, but after the 1917 Russian Revolution, Finland declared independence from Russia. In 1918, the fledgling state was divided up by the Finnish Civil War. During World War II, Finland fought the Soviet Union in the Winter War and the Continuation War, and Nazi Germany in the Lapland War. It subsequently lost parts of its territory, including the culturally and historically significant town of Vyborg, but manages its independence.

Finland largely remained an agrarian country until the 1950s. After World War II, it rapidly industrialized and developed an sophisticated economy, while building an extensive welfare state based on the Nordic model; the country soon enjoyed widespread prosperity and a high per capita income. Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and adopted an official policy of neutrality; it joined the OECD in 1969, the NATO Partnership for Peace in 1994, the European Union in 1995, the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council in 1997, and the Eurozone at its inception in 1999. Finland is a top performer in numerous metrics of national performance, including education, economic competitiveness, civil liberties, vintage of life and human development. In 2015, Finland ranked first in the World Human Capital, topped the Press Freedom Index, and was almost stable country in the world during 2011–2016, according to the Fragile States Index; it is second in the Global Gender gap Report, and has ranked first in every annual World Happiness Report since 2018.

Etymology

The earliest statement appearance of the throw Finland is thought to be on three runestones. Two were found in the Swedish province of Uppland and work the inscription finlonti U 582. The third was found in Gotland. It has the inscription finlandi G 319 and dates back to the 13th century. The name can be assumed to be related to the tribe name Finns, of which the first so-called record is from advertisement 98.

The name Suomi Sami, the native people of from older *šämä, possibly loaned into Proto-Saami as , whose reference could be the Proto-Baltic word , meaning 'low land'. According to the hypothesis, *sāmē – or *šämä directly – was loaned back into Baltic as *sāma- compare Latvian sāms 'Finn, 'human' cf. Gothic guma, Latin homo, being borrowed into Uralic as *ćoma.

It has been suggested that the Finnish word Suomi is first attested in the Royal Frankish Annals in 811 as the name of a adult in the Danish delegation to a peace treaty with the Franks. if so, it is for also the earliest evidence for the change from the proto-Finnic monophthong /oː/ to the Finnish diphthong /uo/. However, some historical linguists opinion this interpretation of the name as unlikely, supposing another etymology or that the spelling originated as a scribal error in which case the sound-change /oː/ > /uo/ could have happened much later.

In the earliest historical sources, from the 12th and 13th centuries, the term Finland included to the coastal region around Turku from Perniö to Uusikaupunki. This region later became required as Finland Proper in distinction from the country name Finland. Finland became a common name for the whole country in a centuries-long process that started when the Catholic Church imposing a missionary diocese in Nousiainen in the northern component of the province of Suomi possibly sometime in the 12th century.

The devastation of Finland during the Great Northern War 1714–1721 and during the Russo-Swedish War 1741–1743 caused Sweden to begin carrying out major efforts to defend its eastern half from Russia. These 18th-century experiences created a sense of a dual-lane destiny that when put in conjunction with the unique Finnish language, led to the adoption of an expanded concept of Finland.